THE ROLE OF INTROVERSION, BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION, AND SHYNESS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Keywords:
social anxiety, neuroticism, avoidant behavior, social withdrawal, dysfunctional cognitive schemes
Abstract
Purpose. To conduct a review of scientific sources on the role of introversion, behavioral inhibition,and shyness in the pathogenesis of social anxiety disorder as modifying factors of personal adaptation to socialinteraction challenges. Methods. Previous searches related to the topic of the article were done in PubMed, Web-of-Science,and Research Gate using the following criteria: studies published after 2010; studies have linked introversion,behavioral inhibition, and shyness, and social anxiety or social anxiety disorder in particular; studies haveexamined the role of introversion, behavioral inhibition, and shyness in the pathogenesis of social phobia. Theexclusion criteria were studies in which only children participated.Results. Analyzed more than 40 scientific articles, 30 were published after 2010. Selected articles indicate thattemperament features (introversion and neuroticism), due to neurobiological bases, show positive correlationswith the severity of social anxiety and the manifestation of social anxiety disorder. Signs of behavioral inhibitioncontribute to the severity of introversion traits and poorer psychosocial functioning. Several studies pointto the indirect role of cognitive biases between shyness, behavioral inhibition, social anxiety, and negativecorrelations with self-esteem, which leads to social anxiety disorder in the case of maladaptation and limitedresources.Conclusions. High levels of neuroticism and a tendency to introversion in conditions of social uncertaintycontribute to the tendency to interpret neutral aspects of social interaction as threatening. Behavioral inhibition(manifested by social restraint and anxiety in social situations), and the realization of shyness through negativeself-esteem, will contribute to the formation of avoidant behavior or rejection of social interactions. Thatmechanism consolidates maladaptive beliefs about themselves and life situations in the pathogenesis of socialanxiety disorder.
References
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3. Alonso J., Angermeyer M.C., Bernert S., Bruffaerts R., Brugha T.S., Bryson H., de Girolamo G., Graaf R., Demyttenaere K., Gasquet I., Haro J. M., Katz S. J., Kessler R. C., Kovess V., Lépine J. P., Ormel J., Polidori G., Russo L. J., Vilagut G., Almansa J., … ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators, European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) Project. Disability and quality of life impact of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 2004. No. 420. P. 38–46. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00329.x
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6. Hawes M. T., Szenczy A. K., Klein D. N., Hajcak G., Nelson B. D. Increases in depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Medicine. 2021. P. 1–9. URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0033291720005358
7. Tindall I.K., Curtis G.J. Validation of the Measurement of Need Frustration. Frontiers in psychology. 2019. No. 10. P. 1742. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01742
8. Hoffart A., Johnson S. U., Ebrahimi O. V. Loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: change and predictors of change from strict to discontinued social distancing protocols. Anxiety, stress, and coping. 2021. P. 1–14. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1958790
9. Пшук Н. Г., Слободянюк Д. П. Роль психосоціальних чинників у генезі соціальної дезадаптації у студентської молоді. Український вісник психоневрології. 2015. Том 23, Вип. 2 (83). С. 86–91.
10. Chronis-Tuscano A., Danko C. M., Rubin K. H., Coplan R. J., Novick D. R. Future Directions for Research on Early Intervention for Young Children at Risk for Social Anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2018. Vol. 47, No. 4. P. 655–667. DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1426006
11. Oei T.P.S., Baranoff J. Young schema questionnaire: Review of psychometric and measurement issues. Australian Journal of Psychology. 2007. Vol. 59, No. 2. P. 78–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530601148397
12. Boden M.T., John O.P., Goldin P.R., Werner K., Heimberg R.G., Gross J.J. The role of maladaptive beliefs in cognitive-behavioral therapy: Evidence from social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2012. Vol. 50. P. 287–291. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.007
13. Heeren A., Mogoașe C., Pierre Ph., McNally R.J. Attention bias modification for social anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 2015. Vol. 40. P. 76–90. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.001
14. De Castella K., Goldin P., Jazaieri H., Ziv M., Heimberg R. G., Gross J. J. Emotion beliefs in social anxiety disorder: Associations with stress, anxiety, and well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12053.
15. Spence S. H., Rapee R. M. The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2016. Vol. 86. P. 50–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.007
16. Daniel K. E., Goodman F. R., Beltzer M. L. et al. Emotion Malleability Beliefs and Emotion Experience and Regulation in the Daily Lives of People with High Trait Social Anxiety. Cogn Ther Res. 2020. Vol. 44. P. 1186–1198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10139-8
17. Wong Q. J. J., Rapee R.M. The aetiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder: A synthesis of complementary theoretical models and formulation of a new integrated model. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016. Vol. 213. P. 84–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.069
18. De Pauw S. S., Mervielde I. Temperament, personality and developmental psychopathology: a review based on the conceptual dimensions underlying childhood traits. Child psychiatry and human development. 2010. Vol. 41. No. 3. P. 313–329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0171-8
19. Kaplan S. C., Levinson C. A., Rodebaugh T. L., Menatti A., Weeks J. W. Social anxiety and the Big Five personality traits: the interactive relationship of trust and openness. Cognitive behaviour therapy. 2015. Vol. 44. No. 3. P. 212–222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2015.1008032
20. Grimes J., Cheek J., Norem J. Four Meanings of Introversion: Social, Thinking, Anxious, and Inhibited Introversion. Матеріали щорічної конференції асоціації особистісної та соціальної психології, м. Сан Антоніо, 2011. URL: https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Introversion_4_domains_SPSP_2011_Grimes__Cheek___Norem-libre.pdf
21. Thimm J. C. Personality and early maladaptive schemas: a five-factor model perspective. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry. 2010. Vol. 41. No. 4. P. 373–380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.009.
22. Mairet K., Boag S., Warburton W. How important is temperament? The relationship between coping styles, early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy. 2014. Vol. 14. No. 2. P. 171–190.
23. Broeren S., Muris P., Bouwmeester S., van der Heijden K. B., Abee A. The Role of Repetitive Negative Thoughts in the Vulnerability for Emotional Problems in Non-Clinical Children. Journal of child and family studies. 2011. Vol. 20. No. 2. P. 135–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9380-9
24. Khakpoor S., Saed O., Shahsavar A. The concept of “Anxiety sensitivity” in social anxiety disorder presentations, symptomatology, and treatment: A theoretical perspective. Cogent Psychology. 2019. Vol. 6. No. 1. P. e1617658. DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2019.1617658
25. Blöte A. W., Miers A. C., Van den Bos E., Westenberg P. M. Negative social self-cognitions: How shyness may lead to social anxiety. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 2019. Vol. 63. P. 9–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.05.003
26. Viana A. G., Gratz K. L. The Role of Anxiety Sensitivity, Behavioral Inhibition, and Cognitive Biases in Anxiety Symptoms: Structural Equation Modeling of Direct and Indirect Pathways. J. Clin. Psychol. 2012. No. 68. P. 1122–1141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21890
27. Ryan S. M., Ollendick T. H. The Interaction Between Child Behavioral Inhibition and Parenting Behaviors: Effects on Internalizing and Externalizing Symptomology. Clinical child and family psychology review. 2018. Vol. 21. No. 3. P. 320–339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-018-0254-9
28. Essex M. J., Klein M. H., Slattery M. J., Goldsmith H. H., Kalin N. H. Early Risk Factors and Developmental Pathways to Chronic High Inhibition and Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010. Vol. 167. No. 1. P. 40–46.
29. Tang A., Crawford H., Morales S., Degnan K.A., Pine D.S., Fox N.A. Infant behavioral inhibition predicts personality and social outcomes three decades later. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020. Vol. 117, No. 18. P. 9800-9807. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917376117
30. LoBue V., Pérez-Edgar K. Sensitivity to social and non-social threats in temperamentally shy children at-risk for anxiety. Developmental Science. 2014. No. 17. P. 239–247.
31. Lewis-Morrarty E., Degnan K. A., Chronis-Tuscano A., Pine D. S., Henderson H. A., Fox N. A. Infant Attachment Security and Early Childhood Behavioral Inhibition Interact to Predict Adolescent Social Anxiety Symptoms. Child Dev. 2015. No. 86. P. 598–613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12336
32. Clauss J. A., Blackford J. U. Behavioral inhibition and risk for developing social anxiety disorder: a meta-analytic study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2012. Vol. 51. No. 10. P. 1066–1075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.002
33. Lahat A., Benson B. E., Pine D. S., Fox N. A., Ernst M. Neural responses to reward in childhood: relations to early behavioral inhibition and social anxiety. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience. 2018. Vol. 13. No. 3. P. 281–289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw122
34. Vassilopoulos S., Brouzos A., Moberly N., Spyropoulou M. Linking shyness to social anxiety in children through the clark and Wells cognitive model. Hellenic Journal of Psychology. 2017. No. 14. P. 1–19.
35. Heiser N. A., Turner S. M., Beidel D. C. Shyness: Relationship to social phobia and other psychiatric disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003. Vol. 41, No. 2. P. 209–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00003-7
36. Poole K. L, Van Lieshout R. J., Schmidt L. A. Exploring relations between shyness and social anxiety disorder: The role of sociability. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017. No. 110. P. 55–59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.020
37. Weeks M., Ooi L. L., Coplan R. J. Cognitive Biases and the Link Between Shyness and Social Anxiety in Early Adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence. 2016. Vol. 36. No. 8. P. 1095–1117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431615593175
38. Ran G., Zhang Q., Huang H. Behavioral inhibition system and self-esteem as mediators between shyness and social anxiety. Psychiatry research. 2018. No. 270. P. 568–573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.017
39. Brook C.A., Willoughby T. Shyness and Social Anxiety Assessed Through Self-Report: What Are We Measuring? Journal of Personality Assessment. 2019. Vol. 101. No. 1. P. 54–63. DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2017.1388808
40. Lemyre A., Gauthier-Légaré A., Bélanger R. E. Shyness, social anxiety, social anxiety disorder, and substance use among normative adolescent populations: A systematic review. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol abuse. 2019. Vol. 45. No. 3. P. 230–247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2018.1536882
Published
2022-05-06
Pages
84-93
Section
SECTION 4 MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY
