Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series «Psychological Sciences»
FROM RIASEC TO ALGORITHMS: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF PERSON-VOCATION FIT (1990-2025)
Purpose. This study provides a comprehensive review of empirical research on person-vocation fit conducted between 1990 and 2025, clarifying conceptual approaches, antecedent factors, and career-related outcomes of the phenomenon. Methods. A systematic search in Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar was followed by a two-stage screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts. The final corpus comprised 87 peer- reviewed empirical articles; for each, the country of the sample, research design, sample size, fit-measurement instrument, and investigated antecedents, mediators, moderators, and outcomes were coded. Content analysis and descriptive statistics were used to visualise chronological and geographical trends. Results. More than half of the studies were cross-sectional, although the share of longitudinal panels rose to 40 per cent. RIASEC interest-congruence indices remain the “gold standard” (62 per cent of studies), but algorithmic assessments are rapidly gaining ground. Professional interests, career adaptability, and proactivity emerged as primary antecedents; work engagement was the most frequent mediator, while gender, age, and organisational support served as key moderators. Subjective outcomes (job satisfaction, engagement, calling) were examined more often than objective indicators (grade-point average, income, employment speed), with needs- and values- based metrics proving the best long-term performance predictors. Model comparisons supported the flexible- fit hypothesis, indicating that moderate incongruence can be offset by adaptive role design and career self- regulation. Conclusions. Person-vocation fit is a dynamic process in which an initial alignment of interests triggers the development of competencies and resources. At the same time, a flexible environment allows high performance even when initial congruence is imperfect. Practical implications include combining interest testing with needs- and values-based scales in career guidance, implementing ethically transparent artificial- intelligence systems at the recruitment stage, and incorporating fit metrics into HR analytics.
SELF-ACTUALISATION OF A MARKETER IN THE POST-CRISIS GROWTH ENVIRONMENT: PSYCHOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND TECHNIQUES FOR BUILDING EMOTIONAL RESILIENCE
Objective. The purpose of the article is to theoretically and methodologically substantiate the importance of personal resources that contribute to the self-actualisation of a modern marketer, to systematise and present effective techniques for developing emotional stability and to build a model of psychological support for the self-actualisation of a marketer within the framework of his post-crisis growth. Methods. The main research methods are theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalisation, structuring and comparison, systematisation, content analysis, modelling. Results. The article examines the impact of self-actualisation of the individual on the process of post-crisis growth of a marketer as a condition for their further professional development. It is emphasised that in the context of war, social instability and psychological exhaustion, the need for internal recovery, rethinking of values and the formation of new points of support becomes especially relevant. It is the post-crisis growth based on conscious work with one's own emotional states that allows a specialist not only to contribute to their own survival in critical circumstances, but also to promote the formation of a commitment to active professional actualisation. The role of self-actualisation as a deep process of restoring integrity, internal motivation and meaningful activity is theoretically substantiated. On the basis of the analysed provisions, a model of psychological support for the self-actualisation of a marketer within the framework of his post-traumatic growth is presented: from techniques of quick self-help, through the means of forming psychological flexibility, to strategies of long-term support. Conclusions. Self-actualisation of a marketer’s personality in a crisis appears not only as an internal potential for growth, but also as an effective mechanism for adaptation, emotional stabilisation and preservation of professional development. The proposed model promotes an integrated approach to professional recovery and achievement of self-actualisation as a holistic personal and professional development of a marketer.
EFFECTIVENESS OF ART THERAPEUTIC TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL PERSONALITY
Purpose – The determining features of internal resources and strategies for achieving them in experiencing psychological well-being of an individual were considered. Aim of the study consists in determining directions of art therapeutic work, as well as selecting and testing methods of family therapy in wartime. Methods – The family psychotherapy techniques were used: methods of constructing a metaphor for the problem, situation redetermining of family problem from dysfunctional to real, art therapy technologies “Path of Recovery”, creating a fairy tale of life stories. Results – Methods of the art therapy approach to work with a married couple were approved: searching for social support, accepting responsibility, planning problem solution, problem positive reassessment, decatastrophization of the problem in fairy tale images. Determination of characteristics of the main character of fairy tale helped to consider the problem from different perspectives. Changes in these characteristics led to transformation of the problem itself and strategies for its solution. Dynamics was investigated of group interactions during exercises to develop internal resources of group members. It was considered how emotional experiences in various difficult life situations (both negative and positive) create a certain balance that forms subjective experience of internal resources of an individual. Conclusions.We identified various approaches to working with internal resources of an individual, which were united by the following factors: self-determination of personality development; harmonization of meaningful life orientations; activation of spiritual potential; expansion of worldview orientations; acceptance of identity of an individual; self-analysis of one's own needs and desires; setting certain goals and means of achieving them. Directions were shown of various art therapy methods application for psychological assistance, which correct attitude towards one's own life, complicated life situations, balance support of positive and negative attitudes towards one's own life, which forms internal resources of an individual. This helps to overcome negative effects of stressful situations and protect the personality against disintegration and mental disorders.
SECTION 3 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL WORK
REFLECTIVE SKILLS OF METACOGNITIVE LEVEL IN STUDENTS’ PERFORMATIVE LEARNING
The article is dedicated to the transformation of reflective skills of students’ metacognitive level under the influence of performance as an interactive (body-oriented) and presentational (practical-oriented) teaching method. The purpose is to theoretically substantiate and empirically measure reflective skills of students’ metacognitive level during performance as an intervention tool. The application of elements of performative theory in the educational and psychological context is a distinctive feature of this study, which is designed to show the (meta)cognitive potential and academic prospects of performance in higher education. Methods. The article uses the methodology «Reflective skills (metacognitive level)» by O. Savchenko to analyze the change in reflective skills that students use to solve problems and tasks during performance. In our study, we used a pretest-posttest experimental design (PPED), where we measured the indicators of selected skills both before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the performance intervention. Results. We verified that the involvement of performance had a positive effect on both the general results of students’ reflective skills on the metacognitive level (from 12.2% to 26.6% at a high level) and its scales. We noticed the most significant change in «The ability to regulate one’s emotional states, form work attitudes» (∆ = 14.4%). The latter indicates an improvement in volitional self-regulation and emotional stability in complex and uncertain situations. It has been proven that performative learning most effectively influenced the predictive function, analysis of oneʼs own mistakes, planning and evaluation of actions, thus indicating a high level of metacognitive regulation. Conclusions. It has been proven that performative learning contributes to the improvement of most reflective skills of students’ metacognitive level, but this dynamic is gradual. Since performance involves interaction and collaboration, metacognitive skills were developed through joint discussion, critical work, and shared reflection. Accordingly, in the future, it is essential to measure metacognitive changes in senior students within a longitudinal study.
SECTION 2 PEDAGOGICAL AND AGE PSYCHOLOGY
ON THE QUESTION OF DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL ABILITIES IN FUTURE PSYCHOLOGISTS
The purpose of the article is to determine the features of development of professional abilities of future psychologists. Methods: the method «Assessment of the level of reactive and personal anxiety» (Ch.D. Spielberger adapted by Yu.L. Khanin), the method «Diagnostics of the professional orientation of the individual» (B. Bass). Results. The results of the study of reactive anxiety of future psychologists of the control and experimental groups before the psychocorrectional program showed that most students in both groups have a high level of reactive anxiety. The study of personal anxiety of future psychologists of the control and experimental groups for the psychocorrectional program showed that most students in both groups have a high level of personal anxiety. The analysis of the professional orientation of future psychologists of the control and experimental groups for the psychocorrectional program showed that most students in the control group are focused on themselves, and in the experimental group – focused on communication. The study of reactive anxiety of future psychologists in the control and experimental groups after the psychocorrectional program showed that most students in both groups had a low level of reactive anxiety. The identification of personal anxiety in future psychologists in the control and experimental groups after the psychocorrectional program showed that most students in both groups had a low level of personal anxiety. The study of the professional orientation of future psychologists in the control and experimental groups after the psychocorrectional program showed that most students in the control group had a self-focus, while the experimental group had a business- focus. Conclusions. After the psychocorrectional program, there were quantitative and qualitative changes in the indicators of situational and reactive anxiety, as well as the orientation of students in the experimental group. These changes indicate the effectiveness of this program.
SECTION 1 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONALITY
PECULIARITIES OF MEMORY AND THINKING IN SERIOUSLY WOUNDED COMBATANTS IN THE PROCESS OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
The article is devoted to the study of cognitive characteristics of memory and thinking in severely wounded combatants in the process of their socio-psychological adaptation. It examines the impact of combat injuries, psychological stress and rehabilitation factors on key cognitive processes that determine the success of recovery and integration into society. Particular attention is paid to identifying impairments in verbal memory and analytical thinking, as well as the potential of visual memory as a resource for rehabilitation.Purpose. The aim of the study is to determine the characteristics of short-term, long-term and visual memory, and analytical thinking in severely wounded combatants in the process of social and psychological adaptation.Methods. The study uses theoretical, empirical and statistical methods. An empirical survey of 42 severely wounded combatants aged 25-47 was conducted. To assess cognitive functions, the following methods were used: A. Luria’s «10-Word Learning» test, the test «Memory for Images», and the Progressive Matrices by J. Raven and L. Penrose. The study consisted of four stages: psychodiagnostic, analytical, formative, and control. Results. The initial diagnosis revealed pronounced impairments in short-term and long-term verbal memory and reduced analytical thinking ability. Imagery memory was relatively preserved, although there were individual variations. After completing a psychocorrectional programme that included cognitive training, psychological counselling, relaxation techniques, and elements of cognitive-behavioural therapy, positive dynamics were noted in all measured indicators. The best results were demonstrated by participants with lower anxiety levels and higher motivation to recover. Conclusions. The results confirm that cognitive impairments are typical in severely wounded combatants in the early stages of adaptation. At the same time, preserved visual memory resources open up prospects for the use of visual techniques in rehabilitation.Comprehensive psychological support contributes to the improvement of cognitive functioning, and its timely application increases the effectiveness of socio-psychological adaptation. Further research should focus on studying the impact of types of injuries, especially traumatic brain injuries, on cognitive functions.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION: ANALYSIS OF DISPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MANIPULATIVE TENDENCIES
Purpose. Drawing on the Five-Factor Model of personality (P. Costa, R. McCrae), the concept of Machiavellianism (R. Christie, F. Geis), and theories of social perception (F. Heider and others), this study aims to explore the psychological determinants of interpersonal perception, specifically the relationships between dispositional traits, neurotic states, and manipulative tendencies. Methods. Theoretical analysis of literature; psychodiagnostic assessment using the following methods: NEO PI-R (Five-Factor Model), KON-2006 Clinical Questionnaire for Neurotic States, and Mach-IV (R. Christie, F. Geis); statistical procedures including Pearson’s correlation and Student’s t-test. Sample: 52 individuals aged 18–45. Results.Interpersonal perception was found to be shaped by a complex interplay of personality characteristics. A high level of manipulative tendencies (Machiavellianism) was significantly associated with low Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, as well as with elevated anxiety and demonstrative-hysterical reactions (r ≈ –0.43; r ≈ –0.51; r ≈ 0.55; r ≈ 0.73; p < 0.01). Other core traits (Extraversion, Openness, Neuroticism) showed no significant association with manipulativeness. An unexpected positive correlation between Extraversion and neurotic depression (p < 0.05) was observed, possibly reflecting the presence of perfectionism in extraverted individuals within the sample. Conclusions. Dispositional traits, emotional instability, and manipulative orientation jointly influence social perception. Low Agreeableness and Conscientiousness combined with high anxiety increase the likelihood of employing destructive manipulative strategies in communication. The findings enrich the psychological understanding of manipulative personality profiles. A psycho-correctional program was developed to optimize interpersonal perception; further research should assess its effectiveness and explore additional influencing factors (e.g., empathy, value orientations). Future studies should also examine the role of empathy and emotional intelligence in mitigating perception distortions, as well as cultural and situational moderators affecting the process of «person perceives person».
RESEARCH ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF MILITARY SERVANTS IN NEED OF REHABILITATION
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to recognize the features of the psychological state of military personnel in need of rehabilitation (using the example of diagnostics of three shifts of psychological rehabilitation of military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine). Methods. The study used the method of systematization necessary to establish the approaches of scientists to the diagnosis of the psychological state of military personnel in need of rehabilitation. Also, to evaluate the results of the study identified during the use of the methods, factor, correlation and cluster analysis were used. Results. The methodological support for the diagnosis of the psychological state of military personnel in need of rehabilitation was determined, which takes into account the main criteria of mental health established by the WHO. Guided by the diagnostic tools, a screening of the psychological state of military personnel in three shifts was carried out. It was determined that the indicator of general emotional distress is a dominant factor that provides a combination of sleep disorders, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Such a structural component as a post-traumatic component (dissociation and PTSD) is considered as a specific feature that may require separate approaches in therapy. It is noted that the age variable does not have a significant effect on the severity of psychopathological manifestations, but the component of the duration of stay in the combat zone shows only a moderate correlation with affective- anxiety symptoms. It is noted that factor analysis showed two latent structures: a general specific post-traumatic factor and a factor of emotional distress, which indicates a high level of comorbidity of psychopathological manifestations. Cluster analysis showed that at the level of insomnia, GAD-7 and PHQ-9 variables one subcluster is formed, and in the hedgehogs of dissociation and PTSD and – another subcluster is determined.This is generally consistent with the data obtained at the level of factor analysis. The variables of duration of stay in the combat zone and age are not key for the formation of psychopathological symptoms, but the first component has a moderate effect on the state of affective-anxiety symptoms. The presented results of the complex of correlation, cluster and factor analysis determined the exhaustive characteristics of the state of psychopathological symptoms in the studied military personnel. Conclusions. According to the study data, a conclusion was made about the need to form and apply a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis and therapy of military personnel who have pronounced symptoms of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress.
BASELINE STUDY OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGIES ON THE MOTIVATION OF ADOLESCENT TERTIARY STUDENTS TO LEARN FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Purpose. This study explores how adolescent tertiary students perceive the motivational impact of multimedia technologies in foreign language learning. By identifying which multimedia elements are considered most engaging and effective, the study aims to provide baseline insights for curriculum redesign that enhances student motivation through digital integration. Methods. A mixed-methods, survey-based design was employed, involving 537 students from six Ukrainian universities. The primary data collection tool was a validated questionnaire comprising 16 items across closed- and open-ended formats, covering attitudes toward multimedia use, its influence on motivation, integration with traditional methods, and perceived challenges.Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and correlation statistics in Jamovi, while open responses were processed through thematic analysis. Results. Descriptive findings indicated that 68.7% of students believe multimedia significantly increases their motivation to learn foreign languages, while 64.2% and 70.4% reported positive impacts on intrinsic and self-motivation, respectively. Key motivational features identified included interactivity, gamified content, and real-time feedback. Correlation analysis showed moderate to strong positive associations between multimedia use and motivational indicators (r=0.45–0.73). Thematic analysis reinforced these findings, revealing students’ appreciation for practical relevance, emotional safety, and their call for structured curriculum integration of multimedia tools. Conclusions. The findings confirm the students’ positive perception along with the psychological and pedagogical relevance of multimedia technologies in enhancing motivation among digital-native learners. This study offers a Ukrainian-context baseline and supports the feasibility of implementing a motivation-centred foreign language curriculum that integrates multimedia in a developmentally appropriate and pedagogically sound manner.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF RISK AND RISKY BEHAVIOR
The article is devoted to the examination of existing psychological approaches to understanding risky behavior. It reviews theories developed in the psychology of health, labor, and decision-making, analyzes approaches to the concepts of “risk” and “risky behavior” in various scientific fields, and describes the specific features and applicability of these definitions in models of risky behavior. Purpose. The aim of the study is to analyze psychological concepts of risk and risky behavior presented in the scientific literature. Special attention is given to theories developed in the context of health psychology, labor psychology, and decision-making, as well as the unique characteristics of the concepts of “risk” and “risky behavior” in different scientific domains. Methods. The research employs methods of theoretical analysis, classification, and generalization. The study examines psychophysiological, cognitive, and mixed models of risk and risky behavior. Particular attention is paid to subjective aspects of risk perception, cognitive decision-making mechanisms, and their dependence on context. Results. The author identifies that the concept of risk is multifaceted and varies depending on the field of application. Key models such as the homeostatic risk theory, the health belief model, and the theory of planned behavior are reviewed. Subjective risk perception is determined to be a critical element in the formation of risky behavior. Cognitive processing mechanisms in risky situations, which can lead to decision-making errors, are also described. Conclusions. The study highlights the complexity and multifaceted nature of risky behavior. It emphasizes that none of the existing models is universal and each explains only specific aspects of this phenomenon. The necessity for a comprehensive approach to the study of risk and risky behavior is justified by both theoretical and practical challenges.This research is valuable for specialists in health psychology, labor psychology, safety, and decision-making, as well as for scholars interested in the issue of risk in behavioral models.
THE CHALLENGE OF VOCATIONAL RECRUITMENT FOR ACCOUNTING ACTIVITIES
The article examines the need to improve psychological methods of personnel selection for accounting activities, which have emerged over the last fifteen years, in connection with economic and political instability from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, characterized by a serious decline in birth rates in Ukraine, the military conflict in Ukraine since 2014, and the full-scale invasion of 2022, as well as global changes in the world in terms of interactions between managers and employees. The purpose of the research is to theoretically sub-stantiate the features of professional personnel selection for accounting activities. Methods. The article used theoretical research methods: analysis – to systematize and study scientific sources on the personnel selection problem; synthesis – to combine the obtained knowledge about methods and measures of employee selection; generalization – to formulate conclusions regarding the main problems and ways to improve the personnel selection system for accounting activities. Results. The research results allowed describing the methods of per-sonnel selection, their validity, and application, considering strategies for selecting methods for personnel selection, and highlighting the main theoretical and methodological approaches to studying personnel selec-tion management. Conclusions. As a general conclusion, it was found that there are no precise and established methodologies today. There are certain directions and some conclusions regarding specific studies on personnel selection for accounting activities and personnel selection in general, including structured interviews, analysis of formal data, assessment centers, and psychological tests. Psychological tests were developed exclusively for clinical research, not for diagnosing professional suitability; however, it can be assumed that psychological tests, as part of professional profiling and professional profiles, will experience a revival in electronic recruit-ing, thus offering potential opportunities for further research and the development of more structured and valid methods for personnel selection.Key words: personnel selection,
MENTAL HEALTH OF WOUNDED MILITARY SERVANTS: SELF-ASSESSMENT RESULTS
The purpose of the article is to empirically investigate the features of self-assessment of mental health of wounded military personnel. Methods. Theoretical – analysis and generalization of literature on the problem raised, as well as systematization and classification, in particular grouping of self-assessment results according to certain criteria. Empirical – method of written survey, in particular questionnaire. The questionnaire contains 25 statements, combined into five blocks: 1) “emotional state”; 2) “stress and tension”; 3) “physical manifestations”; 4) “social interaction”; 5) “cognitive functions and self-control”. Mathematical and statistical – calculation of percentages. Results. It was found that a larger proportion of the respondents –58,3% demonstrated a high level of self-esteem of mental health. In the context of the expression of its components, in particular: 1) the component “emotional state” it was stated that the vast majority of respondents are in a state of medium emotional stress; 2) “stress and tension” – 83,4% of respondents demonstrated moderate manifestations of stress; 3) in the context of “physical manifestations of stress” 91,7% – have moderately pronounced symptoms that affect their physical condition, but do not critically impair functioning; 4) the average level of “social interaction” belongs to 91,7% of the respondents, which indicates moderate social activity and interaction with others; 5) the average level (58,3% of the respondents) – is manifested in relatively preserved cognitive activity, however, difficulties in concentrating, slowness in decision-making and reduced flexibility of thinking may be observed. Conclusions. Summarizing the results of the survey, we conclude that it is necessary to: 1) provide targeted psychological support, especially for soldiers with high and low levels of emotional state; 2) conduct systematic rehabilitation work to prevent the development of chronic stress or post-traumatic disorders; 3) conduct social support and psychological rehabilitation measures aimed at increasing the level of social integration of wounded soldiers; 4) apply a differentiated approach to rehabilitation and psychological support for wounded soldiers.
PECULIARITIES OF SELF-REGULATION OF ADOLESCENTS WITH MENTAL DISORDERS
The article presents the results of a theoretical analysis of the state of research on the problem of self-regulation in adolescence of children with intellectual disabilities. Purpose. The concept and features of the adolescent period of development are revealed. It is noted that adolescence is complex and undergoes either passive or active development and is characterized by important psychophysiological transformations: the formation of a value-based “I”, self-education, emotional-volitional and communicative interactions and requires self-control, regulation of behavior and one’s own emotions. Results. It is substantiated that adolescents with intellectual disabilities are characterized by underdevelopment of thought processes, speech and communication, and communication with peers, on the one hand, is a kind of source of information, and on the other hand, it is collective interaction and a specific type of emotional communication, and it contributes to the formation of personality. Joint activity develops social interaction skills, teaches to correlate one’s own interests with public ones. All this is done at the expense of the ability to control oneself and regulate one’s behavioral and emotional processes. The instability of the emotional-volitional sphere and behavior, insufficient socialization, all this causes the lack of self-regulation, which is especially necessary for this category of children. Psychophysiological mechanisms that ensure the self-organization of adolescents with impaired intelligence, which depends on the time of onset of the disorder, interfunctional interaction and intracerebral connections that underlie mental development, are substantiated. The close connection of self-regulation with the function of self-preservation and reflection, which undergoes transformation due to the expansion of knowledge about the surrounding world, is noted. Conclusions. Self-regulation and self-preservation are evolutionarily closely interconnected, because in a constantly changing environment, in adolescents with psychophysiological disorders this ensures survival and adaptation. Self-regulation is closely related to reflection, which is initially unconscious, and with the development of the personality, with the acquisition of knowledge about the world around, the development of independence, active activity and awareness of external processes occurs.
THE ROLE OF THE RECREATIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE PROCESS OF ACTUALIZATION OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF A TEENAGER
The approaches to studying recreation as a process are generalized, conceptual approaches are systematized, and key features of meaningful recreation are identified: building social relationships subjective experience’s conceptualization with the mastery of new psychosocial constructs; increasing communicative competence, developing social intelligence, and increasing general indicators of well-being; improving health and preventing diseases, improving interpersonal communication and social integration skills. Purpose – to present а new approach to working with children in a recreational and developmental environment is developed based on the concept of personality development, which takes into account psychosocial, cultural-intellectual, and neurophysiological aspects, combined with an individual approach to the personality. Methods: sociometric survey (J. Moreno) (Zlobina, 2003); diagnostics of “Emotional Intelligence” (N. Hall). Results. Close cross-connections between the results of the methods in samples 1 and 2 were noted, which showed the quantitative dynamics of changes in indicators before and after the implementation of the work program with adolescents, which proves the effectiveness and relevance of the methods application and forms of the individual’s psychological potential actualization program. Conclusions. The application of the adolescent’s psychological potential activating technology is substantiated and the main stages of its implementation are revealed. The implementation of the adolescent’s psychological potential activating technology is interpreted as emphasizing the relevance of organizing a recreational and developmental space for comprehensive development, the psychological potential actualization and ensuring the need for recovery in psychosocial, cultural-intellectual and neurophysiological aspects. It has been proven that an approach to working with adolescents that takes into account the psychosocial, cultural-intellectual and neurophysiological aspects of the recreational and developmental environment, combined with an individual approach, a cycle of transformational interaction, the use of technology for activating psychological potential, the peer-to-peer method, is an important tool for actualizing the psychological potential of an adolescent.
FEATURES OF PERSONAL GENDER IDENTIFICATION
Purpose. The article provides a theoretical analysis of the concept of sexual identity in modern psychological literature, characterizes the stages of development and formation of an individual’s sexual consciousness, and reveals the influence of stereotypes on gender socialization. Methods. The features of sexual and psychological development in adolescents are highlighted, their experiences of their own bodies during maturation are described, and the specifics of gender culture formation are examined. Results. In modern society, traditional perceptions of masculinity and femininity are gradually transforming, leading to changes in gender roles and behavioral models. In the context of globalization and the spread of digital technologies, young people increasingly turn to virtual sources of information, influencing their self-perception and awareness of their sexual identity. The growing global popularity of Korean pop culture actively promotes an androgynous style, reshaping ideas about appearance, behavior, and gender roles. These phenomena spark discussions among scholars, as the issue of sexual identity is moving beyond the biological dimension and gaining socio-cultural significance. Conclusions. Given these changes, it is crucial to analyze how contemporary adolescents form their sexual identity in the context of the influence of social networks, global cultural trends, and evolving societal norms. Special attention is given to the impact of social networks on the development of an individual’s sexual identity.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF WELL-BEING IN THE CONTEXT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
The purpose of the work is the analysis of philosophical approaches in the context of understanding well-being. Methods: literature analysis, empirical, descriptive, generalization, analysis and synthesis, induc-tion and deduction. Results. The results are based on the study of a number of theories: desire satisfaction, objective list, subjective well-being, pleasure, utilitarianism, virtualism, significant achievements, important knowledge, beauty and well-being, autonomy. All this is considered through the prism of modern global chal-lenges and opportunities, highlighting key aspects such as the role of social justice, the importance of auton-omy and self-realization, the impact of technology on psychological well-being, as well as ways to minimize the negative effects of new processes. The theories considered can help society overcome psychological crisis states and find a balance between real threats and a sense of well-being. Theories of well-being can provide valuable advice on the challenges and needs of society during war, as well as ways to solve or mitigate them. Objective list theory emphasizes the importance of specific conditions and goods necessary for well-being. In times of war, the search for meaning, purpose, and fulfillment can seem particularly challenging. However, a eudaimonic approach can play a role in overcoming trauma and finding strength in the face of adversity. Volunteering, helping others, defending one’s country, and working together for a common goal can help indi-viduals find deeper meaning in their actions during a crisis. Conclusions. Contemporary theories of well-being offer a variety of perspectives on what makes life worthwhile and meaningful. The choice between them often depends on personal values, cultural and philosophical views. The theories reviewed highlight different aspects of well-being that can be used to guide conflict resolution, humanitarian aid development, and the reconstruc-tion of post-conflict societies. They help understand how to support individual and collective well-being in challenging environments, as well as how to promote recovery and healing after conflict ends. Despite their differences, all these theories seek to understand how to achieve a higher quality of life and fulfill the human desire for well-being.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ENDURANCE VS. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HARDINESS
Purpose. The article focuses on the analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of psychological endurance in its connection with psychological resilience and hardiness. Methods. The study uses theoretical and comparative methods to study the main aspects of psychological endurance. The need to study the relationship between psychological endurance and psychological resilience and hardiness is due to the diversity and controversy of the phenomenon of psychological hardiness in the scientific literature. Results. A generalized interpretation of psychological endurance is an important personal process characteristic of mental health and well-being, consisting of physiological, personal and social components that can be learned and which, in cases of frustrating and stressful situations, provide the ability to withstand and manage psychological stress conditions, as well as maintain the appropriate level of effectiveness of any necessary educational or cognitive activity due to the aspects of balance, stability and resilience. The main characteristics of psychological endurance are (stress) resilience, balance, resistance to obstacles, adaptability, stability, optimism, belief in one’s abilities/possibilities, self-control and self-regulation, social support, reflection, and feedback. The components of psychological endurance are (stress)resistance, resilience, self-control and psychological resilience. The success of psychological endurance directly depends on the balance of individual psychological qualities and interpersonal characteristics, as well as the ability to cope with stress and use various resources to maintain one’s mental and physical well-being. Conclusions. The results of theoretical analysis play a significant role in the study of psychological endurance. Taking into account the features of successful psychological endurance, which directly depends on the balance of individual psychological qualities and interpersonal characteristics, as well as the ability to cope with stress and use various resources to maintain one’s mental and physical well-being, is important for further research.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LUXURY PURCHASE MOTIVATION AMONG YOUTH WITH LIMITED BUYING POWER
Purpose. The article focuses on analyzing the psychological mechanisms that prompt young people to impulsively purchase luxury items despite financial constraints. Based on a theoretical analysis of contemporary Western sources on the issue, the authors synthesize social, cultural, and personal factors influencing such decisions. Methods. The analysis is based on a theoretical review of the literature, specifically on theoretical analysis and synthesis of studies in the field of consumer psychology, social comparison theories, and theories of personal identification. Results. The study identified that the primary factors of impulsive purchases are the desire for social recognition, media influence, low self-esteem, and the need for immediate gratification. Young individuals frequently resort to buying luxury items for a temporary enhancement of their social status or to compensate for internal dissatisfaction. Conclusions. Theoretical analysis and synthesis of various theoretical approaches and concepts revealed that impulsive purchasing of luxury items is a complexly structured phenomenon that involves both external (social, cultural) and internal (psychological, emotional) motives. Meanwhile, social factors such as status, prestige, and brand identity are key determinants of such purchases. The development prospects of this issue lie in integrating social, cultural, and psychological approaches to understand and effectively resolve the problems of impulsive purchases by contemporary youth. Special attention should also be given to aspects of mental health, as low self-esteem and feelings of inner dissatisfaction are critical factors that contribute to impulsive purchasing.
THEORETICAL ANAYSIS (MODEL OF COMPONENTS) OF SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF PERSONALITY SELF-ACTUALIZATION
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to create a theoretical model of self-actualization of personalitybased on the content analysis of scientific concepts that study and research the problem of self-actualizationof personality in psychological science. Methods. The main research methods used to create a theoreticalmodel of scientific views on self-actualization of personality are theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalization,comparison, systematization, content analysis. Results. According to the results of a retrospective analysisof the problem of self-actualization of the individual, among the classical psychological approaches, the conceptof self-actualization is of particular importance in the studies of the humanistic approach. In these psychologicalconcepts, the source of self-actualization is determined by the activity of the motivational and volitional component, the actual needs, interests and values of the individual. It can be argued that the problem of selfactualizationof the individual in the Ukrainian psychological school today is covered more broadly, takinginto account the challenges of modern life. It has been found that self-actualization of the individual hasa significant impact on the professional sphere of activity, as it determines the formation of professionalmotivation, promotes goal setting and professional development, and the formation of self- and professionalidentity. Moreover, according to modern concepts, personal potential can be realized not only in the privateand professional spheres, but also be manifested in creativity, social interaction, self-development and selfimprovement.Self-actualization of a personality also serves as an element of counteracting stressful factorsaffecting a personality, acting as an essential psychological basis for the formation of emotional stability.Conclusions. Self-actualization of personality is a multicomponent phenomenon that encompasses the propertiesof the psychological nature of personality, its psychophysiological and psychosocial determinants. It has beenfound that the effectiveness and ability of a person to successfully realize his or her own potential are determinedby the ontogenetic features and experience of the personality, its motivational, affective and value components,etc. An integrative study of the main psychological concepts of self-actualization of the individual allows fora retrospective look at the emergence of self-actualization of the individual as an actual psychological problem,and thus, further expand its content in the present.
WAR AS AN OBJECT OF SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCHES: METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
The article discusses the methodological problems of social and psychological rehearses that has examinedof modern societies during armed conflicts and other situations of violence. For all the variety of theoreticaland methodological approaches, there is still no consensus in the scientific community regarding the determinationof the essential characteristics that generate various threats to external and internal validity. According tothe above, the main goal of the article is to identify the characteristics that generate various threats to externaland internal validity and to estimate magnitude of the problem. Research methods. Methods of theoreticalanalysis, synthesis, generalization, which allowed to identify some factors which influence «the methodologicalpurity» of the study, cause threats to the procedures of obtaining and processing qualitative empirical data, violate the completeness and adequacy of their interpretation, damage the correctness of generalizationsand extrapolations. Results. The author shows that ethical requirements affect both communication betweenthe researcher and the respondent and the observance of confidentiality, but also affect the completenessof the obtained data, as well as the reliability and validity of the measurements. The politicization of all spheresof life, being specific version of the threat of internal validity , leads to the emergence of a special form of socialdesirability, namely: political desirability. During the war political desirability operates as psychologicaldefence mechanism that can be used for saving life or freedom. The image of society, which is embedded inthe idea of research, turns out to be a determining factor in the legitimacy of generalizations and extrapolations.It happens because the war changes fundamentally both the formal and informal structures of society, setsa new hierarchy of its identities, creates new lines of splits and coalescence of the social fabric of society.The author also researches the relevance of the “pre-war” society image and the hierarchy of its identitiesin relation to the tasks facing the researcher in wartime conditions. Conclusion. The author claims that changesin research process may be related to the increase in the intensity (or other specificity) of social processes.It requires a completely different methodology, as it makes it impossible to comply with all the requirementsand specifics of the social sciences research. And this will be true for both quantitative and qualitative research,since the subject for both will be the dangerous experience of war, which originates from a fragile subjectivityand radically changes the status of bias in the researched plane. This statement is true for both quantitativeand qualitative research where the researcher's attention is focused on the dangerous experience of war.This experience originates from unstable subjectivity and radically changes the status of subjective bias.
SECTION 1. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL WORK
EMOTIONAL BURNOUT AS AN INDICATOR OF PROFESSIONAL MISADAPTATION OF TEACHERS OF THE SPECIAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
Purpose. In the conditions of the reform of the education system in Ukraine, the stated topic acquires special significance and relevance. We consider emotional burnout to be one of the most widespread and dangerous consequences of the negative impact of the profession on the individual, which determined the purpose of our work – to investigate the features of emotional burnout as an indicator of professional maladjustment among teachers of the special education system. Methods. To solve the research problem, reliable and valid psychodiagnostic methods were used – “Diagnostics of emotional burnout” by V.V. Boyka and the questionnaire for assessing the level of psychophysiological professional maladjustment O.M. Rodinoi, adapted by M.A. Dmitrieva. Collection of empirical data was carried out both in groups and individually, in compliance with all ethical requirements. Results. It was found that the signs of emotional burnout were widespread in the studied group – 88.8% of respondents. It was determined that the dominant phase of emotional burnout in this pedagogical environment is resistance, the degree of expression of which in 59.2% of respondents corresponds to the “level of finished formation” and in 40.8% to the “level of progressing formation”. The most common symptoms of emotional burnout among teachers of the special education system were established: the symptom of “experiencing psychotraumatic circumstances” in the tension phase; according to the phase of resistance “inadequate emotional selective response”, “expansion of the sphere of saving emotions”, “reduction of professional duties”; according to the exhaustion phase, “psychosomatic and psychovegetative disorders”. The symptom indicating dissatisfaction with oneself according to the stress phase was the least represented in this category of subjects. Based on the data of the correlation analysis and the conjugation table, the specifics of the relationship between indicators of emotional burnout and indicators of psychophysiological professional maladjustment among teachers of special schools for children with intellectual disabilities were determined. Conclusions. Based on the results of the psychodiagnostic study, the features of emotional burnout in the studied pedagogical environment were determined. The destructive nature of emotional burnout as a syndrome of professional stress has been proven. The psychophysiological aspect of professional maladjustment of special school teachers was analyzed and its specificity was determined. Based on the analysis of statistically significant relationships between the studied categories, the legality of considering emotional burnout as an indicator of professional maladjustment of a special education teacher has been proven. It is possible to create psychological prognosis regarding the emergence and development of professional maladjustment of this category of teachers based on the analysis of their emotional burnout, which is definitely the value of this work.
ART-THERAPEUTIC MEANS OF STUDENTS’ INTERNAL RESOURCES RESTORATION IN WARTIME CONDITIONS
Purpose of the article consists in selection and adaptation of art-therapeutic methods for activating students’internal resources restoration as a health-preserving factor in wartime conditions. Methods. The method fordetermining coping strategies of an individual (S. Lazarus), art-therapeutic methods using art (discussionof personal stories), drawings “Bridge”, method “Rope”, “Self-presentation”, story-role game with elementsof psychodrama that are reproduced in the form of true-to-life improvised situations that excite students.Results. It was determined that introduction of art-therapeutic methods into the educational process of trainingfuture social workers in wartime conditions has certain complications: updating one’s own needs, changing established strategies of psychological protection (coping strategies as internal resources). While usingart-therapeutic tools, students’ emotional states are stabilized, as well as ability to manage internal resources(as tools for organizing emotional states in tense and complicated situations of war) occur, as well as personaladjustment for emotional competence development. The most significant indicators of students’ coping strategieswere obtained in the following categories: problem solution planning; seeking social support and positiveevaluation. Such coping strategies are typical for medium and low levels of internal resourcefulness in modernconditions of training during wartime (threat of bombing, interruption of training due to loss of communication,electricity, etc.). Conclusions. It was found that using symbols, which means that a person may not be awareof, art-therapeutic tools help to transfer internal conflict into a conscious one. Playing problems in such a formas an individual himself wants and fantasizes, makes it possible to find its alternative solution. It is importantfor future social workers to be able to use art-therapeutic means for one’s own needs revealing and actualizingpersonal experiences for professional training while working with wards in wartime conditions.
PSYCHODIAGNOSTIC PREDISEASED STATES OF PSYCHOMATICAL HEALTH ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF SEPARATE RESEARCH BY LEADING SPECIALISTS (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)
The purpose of article is theoretical-methodological analysis and empirical studies of Ukrainianand foreign scientist’s with aim of presenting psychological and pedagogical scientific public with obviouscriteria, complex psychodiagnostic indicators (pre-morbid) state between health and illness, when individualis already not healthy, but not sick either. Classic methods are mainly focused on diagnosis of various diseasestypes. Problem of developing methods for diagnosing health and disease, under well-known theoreticaland methodological approaches of publications by specialists from different countries of world, without theiractual application during training and professional activities: of doctors, psychologists, psychiatrists, socialworkers, teachers of general educational institutions, is not sufficiently resolved, everyday life of ordinarycitizens various ages. Main methods of conducting research are: theoretical-methodological and longitudinalcontent analysis of scientist’s publications who have long defended the views of «health of the healthy», «thirdborderline state between health and illness», «methods of maintaining psychosomatic health», «a holistic approach to medical and psychological research». The method of comparing empirical data on distributionof manifestations of psychosomatic health disorders among subjects of various ages over the past 20–25 yearsproved to be productive. The result of article is description and systematization of relevant informationregarding development of seven most common classes of diseases, consistent presentation of basic indicatorsof psychosomatic health disorders according to results of various data authors. Conclusions are actual resultsof comparative statistical analysis studies and publications by scientists from different countries of world,highlighting the relevance of borderline phenomenon (premorbid) state between health and disease and needfor further theoretical, methodological and empirical research.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY AS A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC FIRST CHOICE INTERVENTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to provide with a review of the cognitive-behavioral psychotherapyin the treatment of anxiety disorders. Methods. The methods include conducting a theoretical analysisof scientific research on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) of anxiety disorders, identifying the targetsof providing psychotherapeutic help to people experiencing anxiety, reviewing the cognitive formulationof anxiety and the practical methods of working with anxiety in the CBT model. Results. The main targets of psychological assistance to people suffering from the symptoms of anxiety, as well as the internationalpractice of psychotherapeutic interventions for certain anxiety disorders have been studied. When anxietyincreases, patients’ attention focuses on what they perceive as threats. Anxious patients notice larger threatsand they may perceive neutral situations as threatening, they tend to overlook safety, and to be overly focusedon their anxiety-related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This interferes with their productivity and leadsto a decrease in activity, work capacity, and deterioration of mental health. The research shows that CBTreduces anxiety and is an effective treatment for anxiety disorders: social phobia, post-traumatic stressdisorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusions.The fundamental idea in the cognitive-behavioral therapy is that the same events cause different reactionsdepending on the interpretation of these events by an individual. This basic idea which forms the cognitivemodel has an additional value as it helps to build the resilience, endurance and work capacity that every personneeds in the conditions of war. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has proven effectiveness and acts as a systemof psychotherapeutic interventions of first choice in the treatment of the anxiety disorders. The obtainedresearch data indicate that the acceptance and commitment therapy ACT, the psychodynamic psychotherapyare recognized as effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Prospects for further research are determined:conducting experimental research in the treatment of anxiety disorders in the conditions of war in Ukraine.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF VICARIOUS TRAUMA AND DEPRESSION IN PSYCHOLOGISTS WORKING IN MILITARY CONFLICTS
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to highlight the results of a study of the relationship between the level of vicarious trauma and the level of depression in psychologists who work during military conflicts. The article examines vicarious trauma and depression as psychological phenomena, where vicarious trauma is defined as a negative transformation of a psychologist that occurs as a result of empathic interaction with people who have experienced trauma, with similar to PTSD, but less intense characteristic reactions. Methods. In the research process, theoretical as well as psychodiagnostic methods were used, which ensured the realization of the ascertaining experiment: the Scale of Secondary Traumatic Stress, the Author's Questionnaire for Determining the Signs of Vicarious Trauma, the “Questionnaire for the assessment of mental health of the KMA – UDH”, the questionnaire “Evaluation of the level of psychological, physiological and professional maladjustment” by O.Rodina. Results. Depression is defined as a negative affective state characterized by sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and hopelessness. Theoretical studies of vicarious trauma and depression by scientists were analyzed. The genesis of vicarious trauma and depression in psychologists was studied. It has been determined that there are significant associations between the level of vicarious trauma and depression, anxiety, PTSD, and alcohol use. A directly proportional effect of symptoms of vicarious trauma and the level of depression has been found, the consequences of which range from symptoms of low mood, chronic fatigue and irritability, memory lapses, lack of or deterioration of sleep quality to destructive changes in physical health. Conclusions. The hypothesis that a high level of vicarious trauma can cause depression in psychologists working during military conflicts has been confirmed. Symptoms of psychological, physiological and professional maladjustment of psychologists, such as somatovegetative disorders, violations of the “sleepactivity” cycle, worsening of well-being in the field of emotional disorders and features of social interaction, are most characteristic of psychologists with high levels of vicarious trauma and depression. Psychologists of this group are in the risk zone from the point of view of the development of depressive states in the future and deterioration of not only mental, but also physical health.
DOMINANT COPING STRATEGIES OF COMBAT PARTICIPANTS RETURNING TO THE REALITIES OF PEACEFUL LIFE
The purpose of the article is to determine the dominant coping strategies of combatants who have returned to the realities of peaceful life. Methods. Analysis and synthesis are the main research methods used to select, compare and summarize information. The results. The majority of survey participants use active and productive coping strategies that are focused on solving problems, critically analyzing their results, and the ability to organize and plan their own activities. Respondents demonstrated the ability to a high level of self-organization and planning in purposefully overcoming stressful situations. Almost half of the survey participants turn to relatives and close people for help in solving difficult life situations, somewhat less often to specialists, etc. Some military personnel use passive and unproductive coping strategies aimed at avoiding solving problems, feeling irritated or regretting that they are not able to solve the situation. Not only overcoming a problematic situation, but also adapting to certain circumstances by growing into the environment, avoiding traumatic situations have a constructive meaning. Choosing an effective coping strategy depends on the specifics of the course of a difficult life situation. Thus, under certain circumstances, combatants overcome difficulties on their own, in others they need support from the social environment, and in still others, they are inclined to avoid a problematic situation, having assessed its negative consequences. Using all three strategies is effective. Conclusions. The priority of using active coping strategies indicates the ability of servicemen to focus on tasks that are aimed at solving problematic situations and reflect an attempt to change the situation. Determining the dominant coping strategies is an important aspect in the creation of psychocorrective programs and rehabilitation of military personnel, as it makes it possible to develop a certain scheme of “mental health” of combatants.
SELF-REGULATION AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF CREATIVITY OF ADOLESCENTS WITH DISORDERS OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT
The article presents the importance of self-regulation for the formation of creativity of adolescents withintellectual disabilities. The purpose of the study is to clarify the state of general self-regulation and itscomponents: persistence and self-control in adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Research methods.The research used A.V. Zverkov's method in E.V. Eidman's modification to study the level of volitionalself-regulation. The results. Changing environmental conditions require human adaptation, which allowsmaintaining the balance of man and the outside world. Adaptation processes are constantly changing accordingto changing environmental conditions. Mental adaptation allows you to satisfy the actual needs of the individual,behavior and all activities as a whole. Adaptation requires self-regulation. Self-regulation supports mentalactivity, ensures conscious organization and correction of actions. Personal regulation, overcoming external and internal obstacles, acts as a willful line of activity. At this level, regulation is carried out not as an actionof one motive, but as a complex personal decision, which takes into account the desired and undesirableand concretely changes the attitude of the course of activity. Creativity is a complex, largely unknown process,which involves special individual psychological properties of a person. Given that creativity is a componentof creativity, and creativity is impossible without personal qualities, it is necessary to form its componentsand, in particular, self-regulation. It is they who give the results of efforts uniqueness, value, uniqueness.Reflection is a mechanism of personal and meaningful level of self-regulation and a psychological determinantof creativity. Therefore, it was appropriate to study the state of self-regulation of adolescent children.Conclusions. It was established that the level of volitional self-regulation of adolescents with intellectualdisabilities changed in terms of the general level and its components. From the average level of development,all indicators of volitional self- egulation increased and moved to the next level - an increased level, whichindicates the effectiveness of the applied correction program.
COACHING IN EDUCATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE
The topic of the article is relevant because it highlights ways to improve the efficiency of the educational process. Objective. The theoretical aspects of educational coaching and its practical significance to be highlight. In addition, it is important to analyze the prospects for the use of coaching technologies in modern society in general and in education in particular. The basis of the study was the work of contemporary prominent coaches and educators who use coaching technologies. Methods. Methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalization, which allowed to combine modern directions of coaching technologies in education. Surveys. Results. The theoretical analysis of this problem has highlighted the significant potential of using coaching in education. Of considerable theoretical and practical interest is the analysis of the most effective coaching techniques in the field of education. Both from the point of view of teaching and from the point of view of the quality of knowledge acquisition by students, including in the process of self-education. Taking into account these two aspects, we describe models of successful coaching interaction in the teacherstudent system in certain academic disciplines, analyze the results of a survey of higher education students on the effectiveness of coaching technologies in teaching. Conclusions. Coaching in education is a tool for improving the quality of the educational process, which can bring it to a new, higher level. The use of coaching models in the educational process requires an active, conscious approach to learning on the part of students and the creation of a partnership, subject-subject interaction between participants in the educational process.
THE CONCEPT OF “HIGHER SELF” BY R. ASSAGIOLI AND P. FERRUCCI IN THE CONTEXT OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY AND TIME MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Abstract. This scientific article examines the concept of the “Higher Self” of Robert Assagioli and Pier Ferrucci in the context of personality psychology and time management practices. The necessity to actualize the concept of “Higher Self”, in our view, is associated with the existing problem of personal and professional identity in contemporary conditions. The solution to the identity problem proposed in the studies of R. Assagioli and P. Ferrucci creates a psychological foundation overall for effective life strategies and, specifically, for enhancing time competence. The article analyzes the main ideas put forward in this concept, such as selfawareness, self-development, self-management and self-regulation. It is clarified how these concepts are related to the psychology of the individual and affect effective time management. The article also considers various practical methods of applying the concept of the “Higher Self” in everyday life, personal development and professional activity. In particular, approaches to introspection, self-evaluation, setting labels and priorities, planning and organizing work time, as well as strategies for managing stress and ensuring balance between different areas of life are considered. It highlights how the use of the concept of “Higher Self” can contribute to effective time management, improvement of personal qualities and success in various spheres of life. The following methods of research are used, including general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, abstraction, and specifically: analysis of theoretical sources and conceptual analysis, empirical research, case study method, and cognitive experiments method. The purpose of the study is to actualize the psychological concept of the “Higher Self” in the context of time management issues. The research method is the approach of integral psychology in the context of time management issues, reinforced by general scientific methods of abstraction, analysis and synthesis. The result of the study was the generalization of the understanding of the concept of “Higher Self” in the scientific discourse of integral psychology in the context of time management. In this sense, studies of the psychology of the will acquire special importance in their multidimensional connections with the problems of integral psychology and in particular the concept of the “Higher Self”. The main conclusion we came to in the process of research lies in the peculiarities of the interaction of a person’s willpower, which belongs to the composition of the “Higher Self” and time space. And the fact that, under certain conditions, in the process of these interactions, a certain entropy of volitional power occurs, which significantly lowers the level of human subjectivity, which is associated with the volitional activity of the Higher Self.Using the concept of the “Higher Self” in time management can help an individual develop a more flexible and adaptive approach to the use of time. The Higher Self can help you understand that sometimes you need to change your time management approaches based on changing circumstances, goals, or priorities. This may include the ability to reschedule, reorganize, and abandon unproductive activities. The Higher Self can help the individual develop flexible time management strategies that fit their current needs and context.
WHAT HINDERS A CLIENT FROM FEELING SAFE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: A PILOT STUDY
Client safety is a cornerstone of psychotherapy. It can either complement or compete with other clientmotivations, such as self-disclosure, self-exploration, or trauma healing. Enhancing safety facilitates defensesystem desensitization and enables focus on other therapy goals. Purpose. This article presents the rationale foran empirical research program investigating the client’s experience of safety in psychotherapy and the resultsof the pilot stage. The study focused on four components that influence the client’s experience of psychologicalsafety: interpersonal risk regulation (vulnerability to social pain), existential security, interpersonalfunctioning, and negative emotional states. Methods. In the pilot study, 35 individuals with experience inpsychotherapy were surveyed using author’s questionnaire and the following instruments: Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale; Autonomy–Connectedness Scale; Express-test SCL -9-NR ; Trust/Distrust of the Individual tothe World, to Other People, to Oneself; International Trauma Questionnaire (IT Q); Spielberger-Hanin anxiety test; PH Q-2 and PH Q-9 Depression Test Questionnaire; Intersubjectness Diagnostic Survey; InterpersonalRelationships Scale of the Outcome Questionnaire-45; and The Relationship Questionnaire. Results.The study found that situational anxiety during psychotherapy has a negative correlation with self-esteem, trustin oneself, others, and the world, client’s intersubjectivity, interpersonal relationship scale, and self-reportedtherapy effectiveness. It has a positive correlation with personal anxiety, trauma index, global distress index,and depression severity. The therapist’s behavior also plays an important role in shaping the client’s senseof safety. Conclusions. The results of the study require replication with a larger sample for final verification.A deeper understanding of the phenomenon of psychological safety in the context of psychotherapy can becomethe basis for developing tools to help improve the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic care.